ABSTRACTION

[æb`strækʃ(ə)n]

абстракция; обобщение, отвлечение

рассеянность; погруженность мысли, задумчивость

произведения абстрактного искусства; абстракционизм

кража; увод; угон

отвод; отведение, отделение

Abstraction: translation

Abstraction

• A process (or a faculty) by which the mind selects for consideration some one of the attributes of a thing to the exclusion of the rest

Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight.2006.

Abstraction

    Abstraction

    ^{† Catholic_Encyclopedia ► Abstraction}

    (Lat. abs, from trahere, to draw).

    Abstraction is a process (or a faculty) by which the mind selects for consideration some one of the attributes of a thing to the exclusion of the rest. With some writers, including the Scholastics, the attributes selected for attention are said to be abstracted; with others, as Kant and Hamilton, the term is applied to the exclusion of the attributes which are ignored; the process, however, is the same in both cases. The simplest-seeming things are complex, i.e. they have various attributes; and the process of abstraction begins with sensation, as sight perceives certain qualities; taste, others; etc. From the dawn of intelligence the activity progresses rapidly, as all of our generalizations depend upon the abstraction from different objects of some phase, or phases, which they have in common.A further and most important step is taken when the mind reaches the stage where it can handle its abstractions such as extension, motion, species, being, cause, as a basis for science and philosophy, in which, to a certain extent at least, the abstracted concepts are manipulated like the symbols in algebra, without immediate reference to the concrete. This process is not without its dangers of fallacy, but human knowledge would not progress far without it. It is, therefore, evident that methods of leading the mind from the concrete to the abstract, as well as the development of a power of handling abstract ideas, are matters of great importance in the science of education.

    With this account of the place of abstraction in the process of knowledge, most philosophers — and all who base knowledge on experience — are in substantial agreement. But they differ widely concerning the nature and validity of abstract concepts themselves. A widely prevalent view, best represented by the Associationist school, is that general ideas are formed by the blending or fusing of individual impressions. The most eminent Scholastics, however, following Aristotle, ascribe to the mind in its higher aspect a power (called the Active Intellect) which abstracts from the representations of concrete things or qualities the typical, ideal, essential elements, leaving behind those that are material and particular. The concepts thus formed may be very limited in content, and they vary in number and definiteness with the knowledge of particulars; but the activity of the faculty is always spontaneous and immediate; it is never a process of blending the particular representations into a composite idea, much less a mere grouping of similar things or attributes under a common name. The concept thus obtained represents an element that is universally realized in all members of the class, but it is recognized formally as a universal only by means of further observation and comparison. The arguments for the existence of such a faculty are not drawn from a study of its actual operation, which eludes our powers of introspection, but from an analysis of its results. Its defenders rely mainly on the fact that we possess definite universal concepts, as of a triangle, which transcend the vague floating images that represent the fusion of our individual representations; and also on the element of universality and necessity in our judgments. It is in connection with this latter point that the question is of most importance, as systems of philosophy which reject this power of direct abstraction of the universal idea are naturally more or less sceptical about the objective validity of our universal judgments.

    Porter, The Human Intellect (New York, 1869), 377-430; Maher, Psychology (London and New York, 1900), 294, 307, 310; Spencer, Psychology (New York, 1898), I, viii; Mill, Logic (London and New York, 1898), I, ii; IV, ii; Mivart, The Origin of Human Reason (London, 1889), ii; Van Becelaere, The Philos. Rev., Nov., 1903; Newman, Grammar of Assent (London 1898), viii; Bowne, Theory of Thought and Knowledge (New York, 1897), xi; Bain, Education as a Science (New York, 1879), vii; Sully, Teacher's Psychology (New York, 1887), xii, xiii.

    F.P. DUFFY

    Transcribed by Michael Mueller

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company.Nihil Obstat.1910.

abstraction: translation

Walter Mitty, ablation, abrasion, absence of mind, absentmindedness, absorption, abstract, abstract idea, abstractedness, abulia, alienation, altarpiece, analysis, annexation, anxiety, anxiety equivalent, anxiety state, apathy, appropriation, bemusement, block print, boosting, bromide, brown study, castle-building, catatonic stupor, cliche, close study, collage, color print, commonplace, compulsion, concentration, contemplativeness, conversion, conveyance, copy, cyclorama, daub, daydream, daydreamer, daydreaming, deduction, deep thought, dejection, depression, depth of thought, detachment, diptych, disarticulation, disassociation, disconnectedness, disconnection, discontinuity, disengagement, disjointing, disjunction, dislocation, disunion, division, divorce, divorcement, doctrinairism, doctrinality, doctrinarity, dream, dreaming, elation, embezzlement, emotionalism, engraving, engrossment, erosion, euphoria, explanation, fantasy, fantasying, filching, fit of abstraction, folie du doute, fraud, fresco, general idea, generalization, generalized proposition, glittering generality, graft, hackneyed expression, hypochondria, hysteria, hysterics, icon, illumination, illustration, image, incoherence, indifference, insensibility, isolation, lethargy, liberation, lieu commun, lifting, likeness, locus communis, luxation, mania, melancholia, melancholy, mental distress, mere theory, miniature, montage, mooning, moonraking, mosaic, mural, muse, musefulness, musing, muted ecstasy, obsession, panorama, parting, partition, pathological indecisiveness, pensiveness, photograph, picture, pilferage, pilfering, pinching, pipe dream, pipe-dreaming, platitude, poaching, preoccupation, print, profound thought, psychalgia, psychomotor disturbance, purification, refinement, reflectiveness, removal, representation, reproduction, reverie, scrounging, segmentation, separation, separatism, shoplifting, snatching, sneak thievery, snitching, speculation, speculativeness, stained glass window, stargazing, stealage, stealing, stencil, still life, study, stupor, subdivision, subduction, sublation, subtraction, sweeping statement, swindle, swiping, tableau, taking away, tapestry, theft, theoretic, theoretical basis, theoretics, theoria, theoric, theorization, theory, thievery, thieving, thoughtfulness, tic, tired cliche, trance, triptych, truism, twitching, unresponsiveness, wall painting, wistfulness, withdrawal, woolgathering, zoning

abstraction: übersetzung

abstraction

abstraction [apstʀaksjõ]

Substantif féminin

1 (action d'abstraire) Abstraktion féminin; Beispiel: faire abstraction de quelque chose etw außer Acht lassen

2 (idée) abstrakte Vorstellung

1. абстракция, мысленное отвлечение от многих свойств исследуемого объекта или явления для выявления сущностных признаков; отвлечение;

2. теоретическое обобщение опыта;

3. погруженность в мысли; рассеянность;

4. произведение абстрактного искусства.

* * *

1) абстракция, мысленное отвлечение от многих свойств исследуемого объекта или явления для выявления сущностных признаков; отвлечение;

2) теоретическое обобщение опыта;

3) погруженность в мысли; рассеянность;

4) произведение абстрактного искусства.

abstraction: translation

Supposed process of forming an idea by abstracting out what is common to a variety of instances: a process stressed, for example, by Aquinas in his moderate solution to the problem of universals (abstrahentium non est mendacium : abstraction is not lying). The problem is that unrestricted abstraction leads one to suppose that qualities such as substance, causation, change, and number may apply not only to the sensible bodies that give rise to our ideas of them, but also in a spiritual realm or other domain quite outside the reach of experience. Locke is vehemently attacked by Berkeley for this and related errors. See also abstract ideas.

1. абстракция; отвлечение

2. погружённость мысли, задумчивость; рассеянность

3. 1) произведения абстрактного искусства

2) абстракционизм

4. эвф. увод; угон

5. отвод; отведение, отделение

abstraction: übersetzung

1. Entwendung f, Fortnahme f, Beiseiteschaffen n;

2. Abstraktion f

f

1) абстракция, отвлечение; отвлечённое понятие

2) абстрактное искусство