POTTERY

[`pɔtərɪ]

гончарные изделия; керамика, керамические изделия

гончарная, гончарная мастерская; керамический завод

гончарное дело

POTTERY: translation

   Deposits of pottery remains constitute the bulk of archaeological tells of Mesopotamia. The term pottery differentiates clay vessels and other household objects from figurines (called terra-cotta). The different shapes, decoration, burnishing, glazes, and sizes of pottery, the result of changes in taste and technology, furnish valuable and often vital clues to the relative dating of the object and its context. The technique of establishing pottery sequences was pioneered by the archaeologist Flinders Petrie in the 1890s in Palestine. It is particularly useful for prehistoric periods, but pottery sequences are also relevant in later periods.

   Pottery was invented in the Neolithic period about 7000 B.C.Such early pottery was made in a slab construction method and only lightly fired. The earliest known kiln comes from Yarim Tepe and dates from 6000 (see HALAF; HASSUNA). The most beautifully fashioned, thin-walled, and hand-painted pottery in the Near East dates from the Chalcolithic period. Decorated with centrifugal designs and of elegant shapes, such tableware was in much demand throughout Mesopotamia and seems to have been used for banquets and other special occasions that called for the display of valuables. Coil-made pottery dominated until the invention of the slow wheel, a turntable rotated by hand, which first appeared in Mesopotamia around 4000 B.C. and was used mainly to fashion coarse, mass-produced jars.

   Exquisite pottery became less important in the historical periods; gold and other metals replaced fired clay in prestige tableware. The fast wheel, used to “throw” pottery, was introduced in the late third millennium B.C., again for mass-produced ware. Potters often worked together in separate quarters of Mesopotamian cities; they could work for a large organization in teams (as in the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur) or as private craftsmen.

   See also ART; CRAFTS.

pottery: translation

▪ glazed

▪ fine (esp. BrE)

▪ fragment (esp. BrE), piece, shard

▪

shards of Iron Age pottery

▪ make, manufacture (esp. BrE), produce

▪ fire

▪

the kilns in which the pottery is fired

▪ kiln (esp. BrE)

Pottery: translation

   The use of pottery for storage vessels and eating utensils began during prehistoric times and continued throughout Egyptian history. Pottery is found in sites in the eastern Sahara and Sudan dating back to 9000–8000 BC. It appears in Egypt in the seventh millennium from sites in the Fayumand Merimda Beni Salama. Hand made painted pottery became common during the Predynastic Period with such distinctive designs as the Badarian and Naqada sequences. From these pieces, Flinders Petrie divised a scheme of sequence dating pottery, which is especially useful for working with objects from nonhistoric periods of time.These early periods are distinguished by their handmade pottery. The use of the potter’s wheel appears to have originated in Dynasty 4or Dynasty 5. Scenes of pottery production appear on Old Kingdomtombreliefs. The pottery of the historic periods is decorated in a simpler manner, is more utiliarian, and has not been the subject of detailed studies until recently. Scholars can now differentiate the types of clay used, for example silt or marl clays, and they are beginning to identify the exact locations of manufacture. Kilns used in the production of pottery have been discovered in excavations, like those found at predynastic Hierakonpolis. Imports of foreign pottery from Syria-Palestine, Crete, and Greece can prove useful dating tools as well.

   See also Badari, El-; Tell el-Yahudiya.

pottery: translation

adobe, armory, arsenal, assembly line, assembly plant, atomic energy plant, bindery, biscuit, bisque, boatyard, boilery, bookbindery, bowl, brewery, brick, brickyard, cannery, cement, ceramic ware, ceramics, china, creamery, crock, crockery, dairy, defense plant, distillery, dockyard, earthenware, enamelware, factory, factory belt, factory district, feeder plant, firebrick, flour mill, glass, industrial park, industrial zone, jug, main plant, manufactory, manufacturing plant, manufacturing quarter, mill, mint, munitions plant, oil refinery, packing house, plant, porcelain, pot, power plant, production line, push-button plant, refinery, refractory, sawmill, shipyard, stoneware, subassembly plant, sugar refinery, tannery, tile, tiling, urn, vase, winery, yard, yards

1. гончарня, гончарная мастерская

2. гончарное дело

3. керамика, гончарные изделия

♢

the Potteries - район в северном Стаффордшире, центр английской керамической промышленности

POTTERY: translation

   Pottery found in Etruria is generally defined technologically and artistically into a number of distinct forms: coarse pottery or impasto, fine black burnished and heavily reduced (deprived of oxygen in the kiln) bucchero, and black glazed and various styles that reflect their place of manufacture (Corinthian, East Greek, Greek black figure, Greek red figure) and stylistic influence (Etrusco-geometric, Etrusco-Corinthian, Etruscan black figure, Etruscan red figure).

   See also AMPHORA; TRADE.

Pottery: translation

   The art of, was early practised among all nations. Various materials seem to have been employed by the potter. Earthenware is mentioned in connection with the history of Melchizedek (Gen. 14:18), of Abraham (18:4-8), of Rebekah (27:14), of Rachel (29:2, 3, 8, 10). The potter's wheel is mentioned by Jeremiah (18:3). See also 1 Chr. 4:23; Ps. 2:9; Isa. 45:9; 64:8; Jer. 19:1; Lam. 4:2; Zech. 11:13; Rom. 9:21.

pottery [ˊpɒtǝrɪ] n

1) гонча́рные изде́лия, кера́мика

2) гонча́рное де́ло

3) гонча́рная, гонча́рная мастерска́я

потр. гончарные изделия, керамика, глиняная посуда

1) керамика