BOTTICELLI, SANDRO

Botticelli, Sandro: translation

(Alessandro di Moriano Filipepi; 1445-1510)

   Botticelli (little barrel) was a nickname first given to the artist's brother who was presumably overweight. Botticelli was trained in the studio of Fra Filippo Lippi alongside Lippi's son Filippino. He also worked in Andrea del Verrocchio's studio alongside Leonardo da Vinci. From this background one would expect an artist who used the latest advances in perspective, fore-shortening, and anatomy. Yet, Botticelli rejected the naturalistic methods of contemporary masters, instead opting for lyrical representations not necessarily dependent on visual truth. His Adoration of the Magi (early 1470s; Florence, Uffizi), commissioned by Guasparre del Lama for the Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, does not rely on one-point linear perspective, but rather on several simultaneous viewpoints. This work owes to Benozzo Gozzoli's Procession of the Magi in the chapel of the Palazzo Medici in that it too represents the members of the Confraternity of the Magi engaging in procession, including Cosimo de' Medici, his sons Piero the Gouty and Giovanni, and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano.

   In 1481, Botticelli was called to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV to work alongside Pietro Perugino, Domenico del Ghirlandaio, and others on the wall frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, Vatican.The scenes were to represent subjects from the life of Moses that pre-figured that of Christ and asserted the pope's divinely sanctioned right to lead the Church. Though the program turned out to be somewhat of a fiasco as severe stylistic and compositional discrepancies exist between the scenes, Botticelli's contribution, the Punishment of Korah, Dathan, andAbiram (1481-1482), is among the best in the commission. In 1482, Botticelli's father died and the artist was forced to return to Florence. The papal commission he received placed him among the most sought-after masters of the Early Renaissance. In the 1480s he painted a series of important mythological works for the Medici, believed to reflect the Neoplatonic thought that permeated their court. His Primavera, Pallas, and the Centaur (both c. 1482; Florence, Uffizi), Birth of Venus (c. 1485; Florence, Uffizi), and Venus and Mars (c. 1482; London, National Gallery) have given art historians much topic for discussion as their subjects are not completely understood. What is understood, however, is that the works were meant for an erudite audience interested in literature and philosophy. The figures in these paintings, with their graceful, elongated forms, are of the same stock as Botticelli's Madonnas, among them the Madonna and Child with Adoring Angel (c. 1468, Pasadena, Norton Simon Museum), Madonna of the Magnificat (c. 1485; Florence, Uffizi), and Madonna of the Book (1483; Milan, Museo Poldi Pezzoli).

   In his late phase, Botticelli's palette became more brilliant, with an emphasis on primary colors, and emotive representations. These changes may have been the result of his involvement with Girolamo Savonarola, the ascetic Dominican monk who acted as prior of the San Marco Monastery after St. Antonine and who initiated a political movement against the Medici. Botticelli's two Lamentations (Milan, Museo Poldi Pezzoli and Munich, Altepinakothek) of the 1490s reveal this change in his style. In these paintings, Botticelli gave his figures a deep sense of sorrow to evoke compassion from the viewer. His Mystic Nativity (1500; London, National Gallery) is a work with a strange apocalyptic subject that is not completely understood and that represents a major departure from his usual poetic representations. Savonarola died in 1498 after excommunication from the Church, and Botticelli fell in disfavor because of his association with the monk. He died in obscurity, and was forgotten until the late 19th century when scholars rediscovered his works and gave him his rightful place in the history of Renaissance art.

Botticelli, Sandro: translation

(1444/5-1510)

   Florentine painter most closely associated with the intellectual circle of Lorenzo de' Medici in the later 15th century. A pupil of Fra Filippo Lippi, in his own time he was renowned for his draftsmanship and for the beauty of his paintings. His works were influenced by contemporaries like Andrea Verocchio and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, but he developed a style distinctly his own, marked by shallow modelling of figures and lack of concern with deep space that seem to represent a deliberate rejection of the solidly three-dimensional pictures of earlier Renaissance painters. Botticelli painted many traditional religious scenes, such as the early The Adoration of the Magi, which reflects the influence of Lippi, and The Coronation of the Virgin, as well as a series of paintings executed at Rome in 1480-1482 as part of the original decoration of the Sistine Chapel.But he is best known for allegorical paintings depicting themes from classical mythology for the Medici circle, such as Primavera (ca. 1478) and The Birth of Venus (ca. 1485). The latter was perhaps the first depiction of a nude goddess since ancient times. These works were by no means intended to glorify ancient paganism but are allegories in which the figures embody the abstractions of the Neoplatonic philosophy fashionable in the Medicean circle. Especially as he became a "court painter" to Lorenzo, Botticelli's works took on some of the ethereal, otherworldly look of late-medieval court painting, yet they also bear clear traces of the influence of other Renaissance art. These allegorical works were created for an elite audience of insiders and if they had been put on public display would not have been meaningful to most Florentines.

   Botticelli's later paintings, however, done after the fall of the Medici from power in 1494 and after the artist had become attracted to the anti-Renaissance preaching of the friar Girolamo Savonarola, moved away from the ethereal mood of the allegories and also away from non-Christian themes. Eventually, Botticelli destroyed some of his worldly paintings and from about 1501 stopped painting altogether. By the early 16th century, Botticelli's work had lost its earlier popularity, and he was virtually forgotten until art historians in the 19th century rediscovered his work.

Botticelli, Sandro: translation

Botticelli, Sandro

• Florentine painter (1447-1510)

Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight.2006.