Значение слова "EDDA" найдено в 15 источниках

EDDA

Edda: translation

Edda

• A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or 'Elder Edda' and the prose or 'Younger Edda'

Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight.2006.

Edda

Edda

^{† Catholic_Encyclopedia ► Edda}

A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder Edda" and the prose or "Younger Edda". Properly speaking the title belongs only to the latter work, having been given to the former through a misnomer.

I. "The Younger Edda", the work of the Icelandic historian and statesman Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241), is a treatise on poetics for the guidance of the skalds or Icelandic poets. The title "Edda" is given to this work in the most important manuscript which we possess of it, the "Upsala Codex", dating from about 1300. The meaning of the word Edda is not certain. The older explanation of "great-grandmother" is now generally discarded, the most commonly accepted rendering being "poetics" (from óthr, "spirit", "reason"). Some scholars derive the word from Oddi, the name of a place in southern Iceland, where Snorri received his earliest training.The work itself was intended to supply to the skald all the necessary information concerning mythology, poetic diction, and versification. Besides a formalí (preface) of later origin it contains three parts.

(1) "Gylfaginning" (Gylfi's Deception), an abstract of old Scandinavian mythology in the form of a dialogue between King Gylfi and three gods. Appended to this are the "Bragaroedhur" (Bragi's Sayings), stories about Odhin and Thor, related by Bragi, the god of poetry, to the sea-god Aegir.

(2) "Skaldskaparmál" (Diction of Poetry) is a collection of poetic paraphrases (kenningar) and synonyms (ókend heti), interspersed with mythological and legendary stories.

(3) "Háttatal", a panegyric on the Norwegian King Hákon Hákonarson and Jarl Skúli, containing one hundred and two strophes, each of which is composed in a different metre. This is followed by a prose commentary written, however, after Snorri's death by an unknown author. The work was unfinished when Snorri died and was subsequently revised and amplified by other writers. The best edition of the Snorra Edda is that published in three volumes by the Arna-Magnaean Society (Copenhagen, 1848-1887). Selections were edited by E. Wilken (Paderborn, 1877); glossary to this edition, Paderborn, 1883). Parts were translated into German by Gering (Leipzig, 1892), into English by Dasent (1842), by Blackwell in Mallet's "Northern Antiquities" (London, 1770), and R. B. Anderson (Chicago, 1880).

II. "The Elder Edda", a collection of mythological and heroic songs in the ancient Icelandic language. Altogether there are thirty-three such songs, twenty -nine of which are contained in the famous "Codex Regius", the most important of the Eddic manuscripts. This codex was found in Iceland in 1643 by Bishop Brynjólf Sveinsson. It had no title, and since it contained poems, portions of which are cited in the Snorra Edda, the bishop concluded that this was Snorri's source and so he called the collection "Edda". He furthermore assumed that the priest Saemund (1056-1133), whose reputation for learning had become proverbial, was the author, or at least the collector of these songs, and he therefore wrote on a copy which he caused to be made the title "Edda Saemundi multiscii" (Edda of Saemund the wise), and the title "Edda" has since then remained in general use to designate the kind of poems found in the "Codex Regius". Such poems differ both in content and form from the so-called skaldic poems. There is no doubt that these songs were collected and written down in Iceland from oral tradition; but nothing certain is known concerning their age, original home, and authorship. All this has to be inferred from internal evidence, and hence opinions differ widely. It is agreed, however, that these poems are not common Scandinavian, but purely Norwegian; they were composed either in Norway or in Norwegian settlements like Iceland and Greenland. As to their age, it is conceded that none dates earlier than the middle of the ninth, and that some were written as late as the thirteenth century. The subject-matter of the songs is taken either from mythology or heroic saga. Among the mythological poems the most famous is the "Vóluspá"(the prophecy of the volva or sibyl), the most important source for our knowledge of Norse cosmogony. Important also in this respect are the "Vafthrúdhnismál" and "Grímnismál", where Odhin's superior wisdom is set forth.

Of the songs dealing with Thor the best known is the "Thrymskvdha" (The song of Thrym), relating Thor's quest of his hammer. The sententious wisdom of the Northmen is represented by the "Hávamál" (sayings of the High One), i.e., Odhin). Among the heroic poems the chief interest attaches to the lays of Sigurd and the Niflungs. Unfortunately this cycle of poems is incomplete, owing to a great gap of about eight leaves in the "Codex Regius"; but an idea of the contents of the lost poems may be gained from the prose version of the "Volsungasaga", the author of which still had before him the complete collection. The first complete edition of the "Elder Edda", with Latin translation, was issued by the Arna-Magnaean Society (Copenhagen, 1787-1828). The first critical edition, on which all subsequent ones were based, was given by Sophus Bugge (Christiana, 1867). A lithographic facsimile edition of the "Codex Regius", with a diplomatic text, was given by Wimmer and Jónsson (Copenhagen, 1891). Other editions are those of Sijmons and Gerine (Halle, Vol.I, text, 1888-1901; Vol II, glossary, 1903); F. Jónsson (Halle, 1888-190), 2 vols.); Hildebrand-Gering (Paderborn, 1904); F. Detter and R. Heinzel (Leipzig, 1903, 2 vols.). the poems of this kind not found in the "Codex Regius" were edited by Heusler and Ranisch, "Eddica Minora" (Dortmund, 1903). The best translation into German is the metrical version of Hugo Gering (Leipzig, 1892). The first English version (of the mythological songs only) was made by A.S. Cottle (Bristol, 1797). A complete English version is that of Benj. Thorpe (London, 1865-66). The songs are also translated in Vigfusson and Powell's "Corpus poeticum boreale" (Oxford, 1883), and some songs are also rendered in Magnusson and Morris's "Translation of the Volsungasaga" (London, 1870). A new translation by W. H. Carpenter is in preparation (1908).

For the "Snorra Edda" consult JONNSSON, "Den Oldnorske og Oldislandske Litteratura Historie" (Copenhagen, 1894-1902), II, 77-90, 672 sq.; MOGK,, "Geschicte der Norwegisch-islandischen Literatur" in PAUL"S "Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie" (Strasburg, 1904), pp. 698-703; 906-910.

For the "Elder Edda" consult JONSSON, op.cit., I 9-321; MOGK, op.cit., 569-656; GOLTHER, "Nordische Litteraturgeschicte" (Leipzig, 1905), 10-57. See also the introduction to the edition of SIJMONS-GERING for full bibliographical and critical material.

ARTHUR F.J. REMY

Transcribed by John Looby

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company.Nihil Obstat.1910.

найдено в "Universal-Lexicon"

Edda: übersetzung

Ẹd|da 〈f.; -, -s od. Ẹd|den; Lit.〉 Sammlung altnordischer Dichtungen [anord.]

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Ẹd|da, die; - [anord., H. u.] (Literaturwiss.):

Sammlung altnordischer Dichtungen.

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Ẹdda,

Name zweier Werke der altisländischen Literatur, der Prosa- oder Snorra-Edda und der Poetischen oder Lieder-Edda (früher auch Sæmundar-Edda genannt). Der Name ist bisher nicht einwandfrei gedeutet (altnordisch edda »Urgroßmutter«?, zu óȓr »Dichtung« gehörig, also »Poetik«?, »Buch von Oddi«, dem Wohnsitz Snorris?); er kommt ursprünglich nur dem erstgenannten Werk zu.

Die Snorra-Edda, verfasst von Snorri Sturluson zwischen 1220 und 1230, erhalten in Handschriften des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts, ist ein Lehrbuch für junge Skalden, die daraus die poetischen Ausdrücke, namentlich die Umschreibungen (Kenning), und die verschiedene Versarten erlernen sollten. Da die Umschreibungen vielfach der Mythologie entnommen sind, beginnt die Snorra-Edda mit einer Darstellung der altnordischen Mythologie in dialogischer Form, der »Gylfaginning« (»König Gylfis Täuschung«); es folgen die »Skáldskaparmál« (»Sprache der Dichtkunst«), eine Aufzählung und Erläuterung der Kenningar u.a. poetische Ausdrücke, die reich an Zitaten aus der Skaldendichtung des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts sind, und schließlich das »Háttatal« (»Aufzählung der Versarten«), ein Preislied Snorris auf den norwegischen König Håkon Håkonsson den Alten und den Jarl Skuli mit 102 kommentierten Musterstrophen für alle skaldischen Metren. Der Quellenwert der Gylfaginning für die altnordisch-altgermanische Mythologie wird unterschiedlich eingeschätzt.

Die Lieder-Edda ist eine Sammlung von etwa 30 Liedern aus Mythologie und Heldensage, überliefert in einer Handschrift der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts (Codex Regius). Die Sammlung, die wohl kaum älter ist als die Handschrift selbst, wurde, als man sie im 17. Jahrhundert wieder fand, Sæmundr Sigfússon, einem isländischen Gelehrten des 11./12. Jahrhunderts, zugeschrieben und »Edda« genannt, weil man sie für die Vorlage der Snorra-Edda hielt. Die Lieder stammen vorwiegend aus dem 8.-11. Jahrhundert; manche sind schon von der kontinentalen Balladenform des 12. Jahrhunderts beeinflusst. Die Götterlieder sind von verschiedener Art: Visionsdichtung wie die Völuspá (»Der Seherin Gedicht«), Götterschwänke wie die »Thrymskviȓa« und die »Lokasenna« (»Lokis Streitreden«), dialogische Wissensdichtung wie die »Vafþrúȓnismál« und die »Grimnismál«, gnomische Dichtung wie die Hávamál (»Sprüche des Hohen«, d. h. Odins) u. a. In Ethos und Darstellungsform einheitlich sind - im Gegensatz zu den Götterliedern - die Heldenlieder, von denen die des Nibelungenstoffes (das »Alte Atlilied«, die Sigurd- und die Gudrunlieder) Spuren deutscher Vorlagen zeigen. Im Unterschied zur kunstvollen Skaldendichtung haben die Eddalieder eine zwar dichterisch gehobene, aber volkstümliche Sprache. Vom altenglischen und althochdeutschen Heldenlied unterscheiden sie sich durch ihre strophische Form, die von der strophischen Skaldendichtung und der Spruchdichtung beeinflusst sein magisches

Ausgaben: Sæmundar Edda, herausgegeben von S. Bugge (1867); Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern, herausgegeben von G. Neckel, 2 Bände (^3-51968-83); The poetic Edda, herausgegeben von U. Dronke, auf 4 Bände berechnet (1969 ff.).

Edda, übersetzt von F. Genzmer, eingeleitet von K. Schier (⁵1984).

Literatur:

H. Kuhn: Zur Gramm. u. Textgestaltung der älteren E.s, in: Ztschr. für dt. Altertum u. dt. Lit., Jg. 90 (1960);

G. Turville-Petre: Myth and religion of the North (London 1964);

J. de Vries: Altnord. Literaturgesch., 2 Bde. (²1964-67);

D. Hofmann: Altnord. Lit., in: Kurzer Grundriß der german. Philologie bis 1500, hg. v. Ludwig E. Schmitt, Bd. 2 (1971);

K. von See: E., Saga, Skaldendichtung (1981);

Speculum norroenum, hg. v. U. Dronke (Odense 1981);

J. Harris: Bibliography of the E.s, in: Islandica, Jg. 49 (Ithaca, N. Y., 1984); K. Schier: Ältere E., in: Reallex. der German. Altertumskunde, gegr. v. J. Hoops, hg. v. H. Beck u. a., Bd. 6 (²1985);

G. W. Weber: Jüngere E., in: Reallex. der German. Altertumskunde, gegr. v. J. Hoops, hg. v. H. Beck u. a., Bd. 6 (²1985);

Jónas Kristjánsson: E.s u. Sagas. Die mittelalterl. Lit. Islands, übers. v. M. Pétursson u. a. (1994).

Hier finden Sie in Überblicksartikeln weiterführende Informationen:

Sagas und Skaldendichtung: Wegmarken skandinavischer Literatur im Mittelalter

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Ẹd|da, die; - [anord., H. u.] (Literaturw.): Sammlung altnordischer Dichtungen.

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