After-tax returns serve to level the playing field, breaking down performance data into “real life” form for the individual investor. Investors in the highest tax brackets will often look to investments, such as municipals and high-yielding stocks (dividends are taxed at a lower rate than capital gains) to aid in boosting after-tax returns. People who trade stocks frequently are subject to the highest tax rates on capital gains, and after-tax returns will suffer unless the investor makes very profitable trades.