Значение слова "ENVIRONMENTALISM" найдено в 17 источниках

ENVIRONMENTALISM

найдено в "Historical dictionary of shamanism"

Environmentalism: translation

Shamans cannot strictly be identified as environmentalists because, as animists, they are members of a large community of life rather than being surrounded by an impersonal environment or “nature.” However, the common indigenous requirement to be respectful and even humble in one’s relationships with all persons (humans as well as other-than-human persons) generally leads to ecologically responsible lifestyles. Shamans in many places are centrally concerned with resource management. In an important article entitled “From Cosmology to Environmentalism” (1995), Piers Vitebsky argues that at the same time as an “intensely local kind of knowledge [i.e., that of shamans] is being abandoned [in many indigenous cultures] in favour of various kinds of knowledge which are cosmopolitan and distance-led,” “shamanism” is being coopted to support environmentalist and therapeutic projects.He illustrates this with reference to the changing culture of the Sora of India and the Sakha (Yakut) of Siberia. The Sora are increasingly exchanging their intensely local culture as they become linked into larger markets and contexts: for example, their crops become food and commodities, where they had once carried ancestral “souls.” The Sakha, however, are finding shamans and shamanism iconic in the evolution of a cultural and ethnic identity that fits the needs of their new republic.

All this illustrates and takes place within a larger context of a struggle between globalization (homogenization) and local diversity. It should not be reduced to or mistaken for a contrast between neoshamanic “appropriation” and indigenous decline. Indigenous shamans, in some places at least, are appropriating methods and idioms that may aid their peoples’ survival and even full participation in global affairs with some degree of autonomy and agency. However, environmentalists do often use representations of indigenous people (especially Native Americans) as icons to support their cause.

Vitebsky matches his list of four “key characteristics which [are] reasonable to see as distinctively shamanic” with an insight into the problematic reinvention of shamanism in environmentalist (and therapeutic) contexts. He argues that shamanism’s “local nature is coopted” but immediately relocates the environmentalist or therapist in new ways. Its “holistic nature is shattered,” but because it remains a “cardinal value,” it is replaced by the “weaker concept of globality.” Its “eristic nature suffers a variable fate in the new therapies [because they are “less gutsy”] . . . but becomes a driving force in the heroic side of environmental campaigning.” Finally, its “dissident, or anticentrist nature is likewise retained and enhanced (‘alternative’).” Vitebsky’s argument is supported by reference to the role-play by shamans and shamanism in the practice and discourse of environmental movements among indigenous peoples and in the West. Many activists in the anti-road and “social justice” (i.e., antiglobalization) movements identify as or with shamans.

найдено в "Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation"

Environmentalism: translation

In a country where almost no civil society developed outside the purview of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the environmental cause defied the odds to become one of the first major popular causes in the 1980s. Due to a Leninist approach to the environment, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) suffered from widespread environmental degradation resulting from wasteful irrigation schemes, aluminum smelting, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, nuclear weapons testing, and chemical spills. An excessive emphasis on heavy industry contributed to massive emissions of carbon, as well as other dangerous industrial pollutants.

The catalyst for the environmental movement, however, was the meltdown of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Intellectuals, public activists, and indigenous ethnic minorities, under the comparative protections of glasnost, mobilized in the wake of the event, helping to expose other major ecological tragedies in the Aral and Caspian seas, northeastern Kazakhstan, and Lake Baykal. In 1987, a new state agency, the USSR State Committee for Environmental Protection, was established to oversee the Soviet Union’s ecology.

In 1992, Boris Yeltsin received a country devastated by decades of hazardous environmental exploitation, radioactivity, and rampant air and water pollution.However, the difficulties associated with the country’s transition to a market economy, combined with the relative weakness of civic organizations, precluded the development of a mass environmental movement. A number of political parties, including the Russian Ecological Party and the Agrarian Party of Russia, sought to improve ecological conditions, as did the indigenous peoples of the north and other ethnic and cultural organizations. Neighboring countries—Norway, in particular—have also sought to promote a more effective environmental protection regime in the Russian Federation.

Unfortunately, a powerful array of interests, including oligarchs, transnational corporations, and the military and security services, stonewalled any meaningful action, despite the existence of relevant laws meant to safeguard the environment and wildlife. In recent years, Russian corporations have demonstrated more concern for their impact on the environment, and, after some prevarication, Vladimir Putin signed the country to the Kyoto Protocol. However, environmentalism in Russia remains anemic when compared to other northern European countries.

найдено в "Historical Dictionary of modern Italy"

Environmentalism: translation

As in most other European countries, concern about the quality of the environment began to emerge in Italy in the 1970s and early 1980s. Overbuilding in Italian coastal resorts, increasing pollution in lakes and rivers, the growing problem of smog in the cities, the nascent nuclear program, and a leak in 1976 of dioxin at a chemical plant at Seveso near Milan all contributed to an increased interest in environmental issues. Following the success of the German Green Party in the 1983 elections to the Bundestag, local Green associations successfully fielded lists of candidates in the two provinces closest to Germany, Trento and Bolzano, in 1983. In local elections held nationwide in 1985, local Green associations ran candidates in communal and provincial elections all over the country.To capitalize on this upsurge in interest, the “National Federation of Green Lists” was founded in November 1986, and in the 1987 general elections, the federation’s symbol was on the ballot paper throughout the country. The federation won 2.5 percent of the vote and elected 13 deputies and two senators. In the fall of 1987, the Greens enjoyed a further triumph when Italians, alarmed by the Chernobyl disaster, voted in a national referendum to end Italy’s nuclear power program.

The formation of a rival force, the Verdi arcobaleno (“Rainbow Greens”), which appealed to Greens worried that the environmentalist movement was fossilizing into a traditional political party, did not slow the growth of Green sympathies among the electorate. In the European elections in June 1989, the two lists together obtained over 6 percent of the vote, the apex of Green support in Italy. Although the two rival movements merged in 1990, the Verdi have struggled to maintain electoral support in the changed economic climate of the 1990s. Only 2.8 percent of the electorate voted for Green candidates in the general elections of 1992, a figure that was approximated in the two subsequent electoral tests. In April 1993, the former European commissioner for the environment, Carlo Ripa Di Meana, was appointed national spokesman for the Greens, and until December 1996, when he was deposed as party leader, he represented environmentalists within the Olive Tree Coalition/Ulivo. In recent years, the Greens have also made antiwar protest the core of their political platform, opposing, for instance, both the first and second Gulf wars, and in the 2006 elections they formed a common list with the Comunisti d’Italia/Communists of Italy (PdCI). Unless there is another nuclear or industrial calamity, the Verdi seem destined to remain marginal in Italian political life. Green sentiment, however, has become deeply rooted in Italy. Other singleissue organizations such as the Lega Ambiente (Environmental League), Greenpeace, and the Antivivisection League all have substantial active memberships.

найдено в "Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands"

Environmentalism: translation

Organized Dutch nature protection started around 1900. The Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten in Nederland (Dutch Society for the Maintenance of Nature Reserves), for example, which was founded in 1905, has bought and preserved land in all Dutch provinces over the years (in 2006, it comprise 370 areas, to gether covering almost 95,000 hectares/365 square miles). Bird protec tion and the care of other native animals have also attracted many peo ple who fear the negative consequences of the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the country. Since the 1960s, the environmentalist movement has started to pay attention to all kinds of pollution. It also struggled against the use of pesticides, intensive agriculture, and nu clear energy. Two other well-known Dutch environmental organizations are Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands, founded in 1971) and the Fietsersbond (Cyclists’Union, founded in 1975). Furthermore, many Dutch people have supported international organizations, such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund. The Netherlands, as a mem ber of the European Union, subscribed to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002, in order to improve the Earth’s climate.