DELLA CASA, GIOVANNI

Giovanni Della Casa, a humanist-educated courtly writer, advanced Catholic reform efforts for the papacy in Venice and authored a handbook on manners titled II Galateo. Della Casa, born in Mugello and raised in Rome, returned to Florence in 1524, where he began humanistic studies under Ubaldino Bandinelli. In 1525 at the University of Bologna he preferred poetry and the classics over law. He studied also at Padua, where he learned Greek. By 1531 he decided, for practical rather than spiritual reasons, on a career in the church, entering papal service and participating in the Accademia dei Vignaioli in Rome. There he composed Sopra il forno, Quaestio lepidissima an uxor sit ducenda, and La formica, youthful, licentious works later judged obscene.After securing a post as a clerk in the Apostolic Camera, he became a member of the literary Accademia della Virtù and sought the patronage of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. In 1544 he became archbishop of Benevento, a role he exercised in absentia.

Later that summer he was named to the important post of papal nuncio for Venice and was entrusted with diplomatic missions, the care of ecclesiastical privileges, and the enforcement of Counter-Reformation policies in the Veneto, where he introduced the Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books. The most important case heard by the Holy Office was that of Pier Paolo Vergerio, who escaped to Germany and launched accusations against Della Casa, to which the latter responded in beautiful humanistic Latin charging the exile with all manner of crimes. Della Casa's diplomatic efforts were ineffectual despite a humble oration addressed to Emperor Charles V* to restore Piacenza and an Orazione per la lega.

After the death of Pope Paul III, Della Casa returned to private life and wrote biographies of Pietro Bembo* and Gaspare Contarini, Latin lyrics in honor of Marguerite de Navarre,* and poetry, epigrams, and orations. With the election of Pope Paul IV, he returned to Rome, hoping to become a cardinal. The nom­ination was blocked by Della Casa's enemies, who recalled his youthful poetry.

Della Casa enjoyed a hospitable, literary, and courtly life in palatial environs among influential friends, including Pietro Bembo. He was no stranger to the company of noble women nor to Venice's cultured courtesans, and he fathered a child by a common prostitute. He knew the painters Giovanni Battista Franco (Semolei) and Titian.* He generously oversaw the education of his nephews, to whom he recommended humanistic rhetoric for its practicality and eloquence.

In 1546 he wrote Tractatus de officiis inter potentiores et tenuiores, which explains the relationship between superiors and inferiors at court and advises the latter in utilitarian terms rather than those of Stoic duty. His most enduring work, Il Galateo (c. 1551), often compared to Baldesar Castiglione's* The Courtier, is a handbook for civilized, courtly comportment. It deals with more practical matters and pragmatic advice for contemporaries, however, while of­fering the modern reader a realistic understanding, not simply a prescriptive model, of the level of civility in the sixteenth century.

M. Mazzeschi Porretti, Il monsignore: Vita e opere di Giovanni Della Casa, 1990.

(1503-1556)

   Italian author and churchman, most famous for his Galateo (1558), a book of manners that promotes a set of values for personal life emphasizing the importance of education, wealth, and social standing for those who have to cope with the unpredictability of human life. A native of Florence, Della Casa studied law at Bologna and in 1531 settled in Rome, where at first he led a dissolute life. He undertook a clerical career merely as a way to guarantee a comfortable life, but about 1537, the year when he published a book on whether a man should marry, he seems to have changed into a hard-working and earnest servant of the papal curia, where he gained high office. In 1544 Della Casa became archbishop of Benevento. Sent as papal nuncio to Venice that same year, he struggled to persuade the independent-minded Venetian government to be more active in enforcing Catholic orthodoxy and in censoring the press, and he succeeded in establishing a Venetian Inquisition in 1547 and in persuading the state to tighten control of the press. His collected vernacular poems were published posthumously in 1558, and he also wrote a number of treatises on moral and political questions.