Значение слова "EGOISM" найдено в 26 источниках

EGOISM

найдено в "Англо-русском большом универсальном переводческом словаре"
[`egəʊɪzm]
эгоизм, эгоистичность, себялюбие


найдено в "Catholic encyclopedia"
Egoism: translation

Egoism
Synopsis of this ethical system, and short refutation

Catholic Encyclopedia..2006.

Egoism
    Egoism
     Catholic_Encyclopedia Egoism
    (Lat. ego, I, self), the designation given to those ethical systems which hold self-love to be the source of all rational action and the determinant of moral conduct. In a broad use of the term any system might be called egoistic which makes any good of the ego the end and motive of action. The name, however, has been appropriated by usage to those systems which make happiness, pleasure, or personal advantage the sole end of conduct. In one form or another and with various modifications, the principle pervades the theories of the Cyrenaic, Epicurean, Utilitarian, and Evolutionary Schools; and, slightly disguised, it lurks at the bottom of utilitarian altruism. Its typical expression is to be found in Hobbes and Mandeville, while Jeremy Bentham, combining it with the other cognate principle, that pleasure and pain are the only good and evil, formulates it in its full character as egoistic hedonism.Two of Bentham's statements, when taken together, set forth concisely the egoistic doctrine.
    "Pleasure is itself a good, nay, setting aside immunity from pain, the only good. Pain is in itself an evil, and indeed without exception, the only evil, or else the words good and evil, have no meaning." (Principles of Morals and Legislation, chap. ix.)
    "The search after motives is one of the prominent causes of man's bewilderment in the investigation of the question of morals. But this is a pursuit in which every moment employed is a moment wasted. All motives are absolutely good, no man has ever had, can, or could have a motive different from the pursuit of pleasure or shunning of pain." (Deontology, vol. I, p. 126.)
    The undisputed fact that men do experience sentiments of benevolence and perform disinterested actions offers an obvious difficulty to the egoist. Hobbes seeks to evade it by resolving altruistic impulses into personal hopes and fears. Later hedonists, recurring to the principle of the association of ideas, contend that virtue, which at first is pursued only for the pleasure it brings, comes later on, through a confusion of means and end, to be pursued for its own sake. Innumerable analyses have shown that pleasure and pain are not measurable, and still less for estimating the quantity of different pleasures by considering their various dimensions—intensity, duration, nearness, certainty, purity (freedom from pain), fruitfulness—is commonly regarded as a piece of absurdity.
    This fundamental postulate of egoistic hedonism is, therefore, fallacious. But a deeper and more pernicious vice of the system lies in its primary principle that self-interest is the only motive of human action. This doctrine reduces all virtue to mere selfish calculation, it outrages our liveliest moral feelings by resolving the highest and noblest impulses into a base pursuit of personal pleasure. To say that man is incapable of acting from any motive other than self-interest is to degrade human nature. Mankind at large understands very clearly that self-interest is one thing and virtue quite another; that self-sacrifice and heroic devotion do exist, and are not vice and immorality; that a worthy action challenges our approbation in proportion to the disinterestedness of the agent. Let it become known that the hero of what we at first considered a brilliant act of self-sacrifice had after all no other motive than to obtain some advantage for himself, and immediately he appears but a vulgar mercenary. As Lecky says: "No Epicurean could avow before a popular audience that the one end of his life was the pursuit of his own happiness without an outburst of indignation and contempt, no man could conscientiously make this—which according to the selfish theory is the only rational and indeed possible motive of action—the deliberate object of all his undertakings without his character becoming despicable and degraded." (European Morals, vol. I, p. 35.) Besides, if the egoistic impulse is made the sole and unconquerable motive of action, it is idle to speak of obligation and duty. Nor can the hedonist, consistently with his theory, claim that he safeguards the pre-eminent value of virtue by recognizing the happiness derivable from it to be the highest form of pleasure. For if one kind of conduct yields this pleasure, while another does not, then evidently there must be some essential difference, unaccounted for in the egoistic and hedonistic theories, between right and wrong conduct, in virtue of which they produce contrary results of happiness and pain for the agent. But moral judgments are not resolvable into estimates of self-interest; and if we commit ourselves to classifying conduct purely by the advantages, in terms of the pleasure and pain, to be reaped from it, we shall be forced to appraise as virtuous actions which the reasonable judgment of men condemns as immoral; while, on the other hand, we shall be compelled to brand as wrong acts of self-sacrifice such as, in all life and literature, challenge the highest honour and reverence.
    At the bottom of the errors of egoistic hedonism there lies a truth which this system misinterprets and perverts. However complete and disinterested we may be, we can never strip ourselves of self. The constitution of his nature compels man to seek his good, however he may err in the deliberate choice that he makes among the various goods that solicit his efforts. The end constituted for him by God is to reach that highest good which consists in realizing the moral perfection of his nature. This good is to be sought for its own sake chiefly, and in its train follows happiness as, if the expression may be permitted, an automatic consequence. Hence in pursuing the moral good, I am implicitly pursuing my own happiness. This self-realization is not egoism; for egoism makes self the centre, the beginning and the end of action. On the other hand, the virtuous man sub-ordinates himself to the moral good, which in the last analysis is identified with God. In this sense, as Aristotle points out, the good man may be said to be a self-lover.
    For he gives to himself what is most honourable, and the greatest goods, and gratifies the authoritative part of himself, and obeys it in everything. Therefore, he must be a self-lover, after a different manner from the person who is reproached for it, and differing in as great a degree as living in obedience to reason differs from living in obedience to passion, and as desiring the honourable differs from desiring what seems to be advantageous. (Nich. Ethics., Bk. IX, ch. viii, 6, 7.)
    When Kant declared that duty must be fulfilled exclusively for duty's sake, with disregard of all considerations of happiness or welfare, he ignored the fact that by annexing happiness as a concomitant of the good the Creator evidently intends that we may legitimately aim at our own happiness, provided we do not invert the order which makes happiness subordinate to the good. Duty is not the be-all and the end-all. It is a means to reach our supreme end and good.
    JAMES J. FOX
    Transcribed by Rick McCarty

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company..1910.



найдено в "Philosophy dictionary"
egoism: translation

Egoism is usually considered in two forms. Psychological egoism is the view that people are always motivated by self-interest. Ethical egoism is the view that whether or not people are like this, they ought to be like this; usually this is advanced in the form that rational behaviour requires attempting to maximize self-interest. Psychological egoism is usually thought to depend upon confusions, such as reasoning from ‘all my actions need a motive which is mine’ (true) to ‘a state of myself is the object of all my motives’ (false, or at any rate not proven). Critics such as Joseph Butler also emphasize that without other objects of desire a life spent absorbed in one's own pleasure cannot well get off the ground (see hedonism, paradox of ). We need something independent to spark the pleasure. Ethical egoism is often argued to be self-defeating, in that a society of egoists do worse for themselves than a society of altruists (see prisoners' dilemma ). Another fundamental objection is that it is inconsistent with the nature of trust and friendship that each party should be motivated solely by self-interest. Yet the ethical egoist gives no reason why these goods should be given up in favour of an egoistic conception of rational behaviour. See also altruism, friendship.


найдено в "Англо-русском экономическом словаре"
сущ.
эгоизм
а) общ. (предпочтение своих интересов интересам другого лица или общества в целом; безразличие к интересам других; употребляется с негативным оттенком)
Ant:
rational, maximization, opportunism, neoclassical economics
See:
ego, hedonism
б) эк. (максимизация своей полезности или прибыли; в формальной экономической теории не имеет негативного оттенка, так как предполагается, что человек всегда максимизирует свою полезность по определению, даже если он при этом заботится о благе других людей; иногда употребляется в значении а), если моделируется поведение эгоистов и альтруистов в общепринятом смысле)
See:
rational, maximization, opportunism, neoclassical economics


найдено в "Crosswordopener"

• Cause of I strain?

• Conceit

• Concern for self

• Diva's problem

• Diva's quality

• Ethical theory

• Excessive self-concern

• Failing of the self-centered

• I problem

• I strain?

• I trouble?

• It's about me, me, me

• It's all about me, me, me

• It's displayed in vain?

• Madame Bovary's problem

• Narcissist's condition

• Narcissist's problem

• Narcissists trait

• Prima donna quality

• Prima donna trait

• Self admiration

• Self- centeredness

• Self-absorption

• Self-conceit

• Self-interest doctrine

• Self-interestedness

• Self-service?

• Selfishness

• Selfness

• Swellhead's trait

• Vanity case?

• Attempting to get personal recognition for yourself (especially by unacceptable means)


найдено в "Англо-русском словаре по социологии"
n
эгоизм; стремление индивида к удовлетворению собственных потребностей, оставляющее в стороне интересы других.
* * *
сущ.
эгоизм; стремление индивида к удовлетворению собственных потребностей, оставляющее в стороне интересы других.
- class egoism
- group egoism


найдено в "Англо-русском словаре политической терминологии"
n
эгоизм

to overcome national egoism — преодолевать национальный эгоизм

- national egoism


найдено в "Англо-русском социологическом словаре"
сущ.

эгоизм; стремление индивида к удовлетворению собственных потребностей, оставляющее в стороне интересы других.

- class egoism[/m]

- group egoism[/m]


найдено в "Новом большом англо-русском словаре под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна"


{ʹi:gəʋ|ız(ə)m,ʹegəʋ{ız(ə)m}-} n

эгоизм, эгоистичность, себялюбие



найдено в "Новом большом англо-русском словаре"
[ʹi:gəʋ|ız(ə)m,ʹegəʋ{ız(ə)m}-] n
эгоизм, эгоистичность, себялюбие


найдено в "Англо-русском словаре общей лексики"
сущ. эгоизм, эгоистичность, себялюбие Syn: conceit, egotism, narcissism, self-importance, selfishness, solipsism, vanity Ant: altruism, humility, meekness, modesty, shyness
найдено в "Англо-украинском юридическом словаре"


егоїзм

- egoismist- egoismtism- egoismtist



найдено в "Англо-русском словаре Мюллера"
egoism [ˊi:gəυˏɪzǝm] n
эгои́зм


найдено в "Эстонско-русском словаре"
Самовлюбленность,

самолюбие,

себялюбие,

эгоизм


найдено в "Новом большом англо-русском словаре"
egoism
[ʹi:gəʋ|ız(ə)m,ʹegəʋ{ız(ə)m}-] n
эгоизм, эгоистичность, себялюбие



найдено в "Шведско-русском словаре"


{ego'is:m}

1. эгоизм



найдено в "Англо-украинском словаре"


nегоїзм


найдено в " Англо-русском медицинском словаре"
мед.сущ. эгоизм Англо-русский медицинский словарь.2012.
найдено в "Англо-українському юридичному словнику"
егоїзм egoismistegoismtismegoismtist
найдено в "Англо-українському словнику Балла М.І."
n егоїзм, себелюбність.
найдено в "Румынско-русском словаре"
s.n. эгоизм m.
T: 111