BERRIOS'S DEFINITION OF HALLUCINATIONS

   In 2005, the British psychiatrist and historian of psychiatry German E. Berrios defined hallucinations as follows. "Hallucination is the generic name for a class of utterances reporting subjective experiences (putatively) perceptual in nature which occur in the (arguably) absence of an adequate external stimulus. The said reports may implicate all sensory modalities giving rise to so-called hallucinations of vision, audition, touch, olfaction, taste and coenesthesia."

   References

   Berrios, G.E. (2005). On the fantastic apparitions of vision by Johannes Müller. History of Psychiatry, 16, 229-246.