FEDERALISM

[`fedərəlɪzəm]

федерализм

Federalism: translation

   Federalism is a form of government in which power is divided and shared between the central (national or federal) government and the constituent (state or regional) governments. Individuals are citizens of both the central and constituent governments, and they elect at least some parts of both governments. A federal form of government is covenantal. This means that the authority of each level of government—central and constituent—derives from the constitution, not from the other level of government. Thus, neither level of government can take away the powers of the other.

   Broadly speaking, there are two types of federalism being broached to help solve the Kurdish problem in Iraq: majoritarian (also known as mono-national, nonethnic, territorial, or administrative) and ethnic (also known as multinational or pluralist).The United States is an example of the first type, while Switzerland and Canada are examples of the second type. Different variations of each model, of course, exist. In general, however, the first model tends toward greater centralization than the second.

   The Shiite Arabs in Iraq would tend to favor the first type of federalism because this would allow them to exercise the maximum amount of power inherent in their majority status. The Kurds, however, would prefer the second type of federalism because this would best enable them to preserve their ethnic unity and protect their political, cultural, and social existence. It also would grant them the closest thing to the independence they almost all desire but cannot now achieve given geostrategic realities. For their part, the Sunni Arabs in Iraq tend to mistrust federalism as dividing Iraq and initiating the slippery road to secession. The Sunnis also fear that federalism might leave them without any of Iraq's oil.

   The permanent Iraqi constitution adopted on 15 October 2005, while recognizing the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) as a federal entity within Iraq and allowing other such entities in Iraq to be created in the future, simply postponed the final decision on the type of federalism that would emerge.

Federalism: translation

   This has been a strong characteristic of Dutch po litical development. The seven sovereign provinces that emerged as an independent state from the Revolt against the Spanish king Philip II maintained their republican and federal constitution un til 1798. After the Batavian Revolution in 1795, a National As sembly was convened in which three factions could be discerned: the Federalists, the Moderates, and the Unitarians. After the coup d’etat of the radicals in January 1798, the Unitarians enforced the acceptance of a unitary constitution in May 1798. However, after 1800, traditional provincial political affiliation grew stronger. Un der the monarchy after the Restoration in 1815, the provinces re mained an important political and administrative intermediary be tween central government and local administrations. The provincial assemblies are elected every four years; the members choose the representatives of the First Chamber of Parliament. Currently, the Fryske Nasjonale Partij (Frisian National Party), founded in 1962, has federalist ideas.

гос. упр. федерализм

а) (форма государственного устройства, при которой несколько государственных образований, обладающих определенной политической самостоятельностью, образуют одно союзное государство, в котором суверенитет поделен между федеральным центром и субъектами федерации — республиками, провинциями, штатами, кантонами и т. п.)

б) (система взаимоотношений между центральными и региональными органами государственного управления в составе федерации)

форма государственного устройства с едиными центральными органами власти в региональных образованиях, обладающих определенной политической самостоятельностью.

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federalism: translation

Nazism, centralism, collectivism, communism, constitutionalism, democratism, fascism, feudalism, feudality, governmentalism, imperialism, monarchism, national socialism, neofascism, parliamentarianism, parliamentarism, pluralism, political principles, republicanism, royalism, socialism, statism

federalism: translation

  the combination of smaller states under a larger, national (federal) government to improve ability and efficiency in providing some administrative functions e.g. military services. Best known examples are the USA and Australia.